P. 4-14
THE STEPS OF LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OF OREST ILLYAROVYCH MATKOVSKYI
M. Pavlun
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: zaggeol@franko.lviv.ua
The most important aspects of versatile life and scientific activities of the scientist, teacher, organizer of science and education, maître of mineralogy, patriarch of the Geology Department of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Orest Illyarovych Matkovskyi are briefly analyzed.
In 1970 the name of O. Matkovskyi brought in the Book of Labour Glory of the University and he was awarded the jubilee medal “For valiant labour”. In 1977 he was awarded the academic title of Professor of Mineralogy. At this time he became the chief editor of the “Mineralogical Review”, read at the Brno University the cycle of lectures “Accessory minerals”. In 1980 O. Matkovskyi has been elected the Dean of Geological Faculty; in this key position he held for 16 years.
The results of scientific researches of Professor O. Matkovskyi are published in more than 500 scientific articles and 16 books, five textbooks and manuals.
Today Orest Illyarovuch is full of spiritual strength and energy, is actively engaged in teaching and research activities.
Key words: Orest Matkovskyi, scientist, teacher, mineralogy, Geology Department, Lviv University.
P. 15-23
LIVING CLASSIC OF UKRAINIAN MINERALOGY
(BY THE 85th BIRTHDAY OF HONOURED PROFESSOR OREST MATKOVSKYI)
V. Pavlyshyn
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
90, Vasylkivska St., 01022 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: V.I.Pavlyshyn@gmail.com
The article is devoted to the 85th anniversary of the outstanding scientist and mineralogist, professor of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv O. Matkovskyi. The diverse scientific and organizational activities of scientist aimed at developing mineralogy of Ukraine are described.
Persistent and purposeful work of O. Matkovskyi, first under the wing of Ye. Lazarenko, and subsequently in self-field was accompanied by (especially after the successful defense of two dissertations) sufficiently rapid career takeoff: Assistant – Associate Professor – Head of Department – Dean – Emeritus Professor of the University – Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Higher School of Ukraine. Orest Illyarovych at the Geological Faculty reached at least three records: the duration of creatively active life (61 years), stay as editor-in-chief of the “Mineralogical Review” (34 years) and Dean (age 16). He headed the Department of Mineralogy for 25 years (1974–1999), the same as his teacher Ye. Lazarenko (1944–1969), but with an offset of 30 years.
Orest Illyarovych Matkovskyi is outstanding and recognized scientist, a classical scientist, who has made significant contributions to ancient and ever young mineralogical science.
Key words: Orest Illyarovych Matkovskyi, mineralogy, accessory minerals, regional mine-ralogy, Ukrainian Shield, Ukrainian Carpathians, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.
P. 24-30
PROFESSOR OREST MATKOVSKYI IN MY LIFE
I. Naumko
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of NAS of Ukraine,
3а, Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: naumko@ukr.net
Life and creative achievements of Professor Orest Matkovskyi – classic of mineralogy at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are briefly characterized. His role as a long-dean and head of the Mineralogy Department of Geological Faculty of the Lviv University in education of scientific change, formation of the outlook of future scientists and teachers and their professional growth is found out. This clearly justifies a graduate of the Mineralogy Department, 1973, Doctor of Geological Sciences Ihor Naumko on the examples of his life and work.
Key words: Orest Matkovskyi, dean of the Geological Faculty, head of the Mineralogy Department, University of Lviv.
P. 31-54
ALUNITE IN THE GEOLOGICAL COMPLEXES OF UKRAINE
O. Matkovskyi
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
Data on the distribution, morphology, the chemical composition, structure, physical properties, formation conditions and practical use of alunite are generalized. The mineral has been identified in four mineralogical provinces: Ukrainian Shield, Donetsk, Carpathians and Crimean. Alunite is most common in the Carpathians, where it forms the deposits of alunite ores in Berehove ore district (they have been exploited in former times). Mineral forms massive segregations, fine disseminations, mealy solid mass, vein segregations, septarian nodules, radiant and drusy aggregates, individual crystals. It has been diagnosed and examined by X-ray, chemical and physical-chemical methods.
Genesis and paragenesis of alunite are different in mentioned regions. Alunite mineralization of Trans-Carpathian region relates to hydrothermal-metasomatic formations of secondary quartzites type which associate with the postmagmatic activities during two stages of Neogene magmatism. New data on the genesis and paragenesis of Carpathian alunite have been obtained as a result of ontogenetic studies using cathodoluminescence image-analysis and numerical physical-chemical modelling. There is very little information about the origin of alunite from Kryvyi Rih region and Samotkan placers. Limited data are for mineral from Donbas; the researches explain the formation of alunite concretions by infiltration metasomatism caused by the action of sulphuric acid solutions on the refractory clays, or by diagenetic processes.
From the viewpoint of practical use, the greatest attention should be integrated to alunite-barite-gold-polymetallic deposit of Bihan (Trans-Carpathian region). In 1985–1990, for ores of this deposit a new efficient technology of complex processing of the original ores (without enrichment) has been developed. However, only ores from the lower parts of the deposit – quartz-alunite ores – are suitable for it. In half-plant conditions the flotation scheme of ore enrichment for obtaining alunite concentrate has been developed. Hydro-metallurgic processing of alunite concentrate can occur by two methods: reduction-alkaline and sulphuric-acid (hydrothermal-ammonia). The final product of the first method is alumina, potassium sulphate and sulphuric acid, and due to the second method alumina and chlorine-free potassium fertilizer can be obtained. From alunite we can also produce alumens and coagulants (a mixture of aluminium sulphate and potassium alums) for exhausting cements.
Key words: alunite, ignatievite, loewigite, morphology, chemical composition, physical properties, unit cell parameters, genesis and paragenesis, Ukraine.
P. 55-71
MAGMATOGENE AND VOLCANOGENIC FACTORS OF KIMBERLITE DIAMOND POTENTIAL
V. Vasilenko1, L. Kuznetsova1, V. Minin1, N. Zinchuk2
1V. S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of SB RAS,
3, Acad. Koptyug Av., 630090 Novosibirsk, RF
E-mail: vasilenko@igm.nsc.ru minin@igm.nsc.ru
2West-Yakut Scientific Centre of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Academy of Sciences,
4/1, Lenin St., 678170 Mirnyi, RF
E-mail: nnzinchuk@rambler.ru
Petrochemical features of kimberlites from ten Yakut pipes (deposits) with industrial diamond content are described: Internatsionalnaya and Mir – in the Mirnyi field, Botuobinskaya, Maiskaya and Nyurbinskaya – in the Nakyn field, Aykhal, Yubileinaya and Sytykanskaya – in the Alakit-Markha field, Udachnaya-West and Udachnaya-East – in the Daldyn field. Representative geological samples have been selected exclusively from the core of prospecting wells (331 wells, the total length of the studied core column – 88 082 m, maximum depth of sampling – 1 359 m). We used 7 114 chemical analyzes of rocks from diamond deposits, data on the average composition of 83 kimberlite bodies of the studied kimberlite fields, and 1 992 definitions of diamond content (data received by employees of “ALROSA”-company due to the averaging of 6–10-meter intervals of core from prospecting wells). Using all available data the population petrochemical model of kimberlite formation has been established, for which the petrological model of diamondiferous kimberlites of Yakutia has been proposed. It is concluded that the diversity of the material composition and diamond content of rocks is due to the depth of magmatic chamber. At the volcanic stage the chemical composition of rocks is also influenced by xenoliths of host rocks that cause viscosity differentiation of melts.
Key words: kimberlite, chemical composition, population petrochemical model of kimberlite formation, diamond content, petrological model, Yakutia.
P. 72-82
MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF VARIOUS ROCKS WEATHERING
М. Zinchuk
West-Yakut Scientific Centre of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Academy of Sciences,
4/1, Lenin St., 678170 Myrnyi, Russia
E-mail: nnzinchuk@rambler.ru
Comparative complex analysis of various types of weathering crusts indicates that together with mineralogical specific features of initial rocks and hydrogeochemical conditions of environment the following three factors also are significant in formation of eluvial products. The first one is the degree of structural ordering of initial minerals. The second is related with heritage of these properties by newly arising phases. And the third one includes universality of the process of hypogene minerals transformation and formation of hypergine minerals in profiles of weathering, developed on various types of rocks. Realization of these states can base only on their complex optical-electronic-microscopic and structural-crystal-chemical research.
The mechanism of hypergene transformation of various hypogenic minerals is determined by their structural features. In particular, nesosilicates (olivine), inosilicates (pyroxenes) or testosilicates (feldspars) during the weathering feels the consequent dissolution. In contrast, phyllosilicates (hypogenic varieties – mainly mica and less chlorite and minerals of the serpentine group) in the hypergene zone experience a variety of solid-phase transformations. As a result, new secondary minerals form in each zone from the products of transformation of primary minerals.
Feature of the early stages of hypergene process in kimberlites (due to long-term preservation of high-alkaline environment) is just recrystallization of comparatively high-temperature polytype modification of serpentine B in the most low-temperature modification A.
The specified methodology allows differentiating at structural level the same specific varieties of initial minerals, as well as identifying secondary stratified silicates, formed at different stages of hypergene rock alteration.
Key words: crust of weathering, eluvial products, hypogene and hypergene formations, optical-electronic-microscopic and structural-crystal-chemical researches.
P. 83-87
TYPOMORPHIC PECULIARITIES OF PLACER GOLD FROM ALLUVIUM OF THE CHORNYI CHEREMOSH-RIVER LEFT TRIBUTARIES
L. Figura, M. Kovalchuk
Institute of Geological Sciences of NASU,
55b, Oles Honchar St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: liuba_figura@ukr.net kms1964@ukr.net
Typomorphic signs of native gold from alluvial deposits of the left tributaries of the Black Cheremosh-river are described. Mineralogical analysis of the composition of the alluvium gave the opportunity to identify a number of mineral associations. In alluvium of some streamlets gold associates with barite, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, quartz blocks with pyrite and arsenopyrite; this confirms the presence of hydrothermal mineralization.
In alluvium within the development of the metamorphic complexes the gold associates with rutile, scheelite, malachite, cuprite, and within the development of Soymulski conglomerates – with native copper and native lead.
Analysis of the morphology, internal structure and chemical composition of gold allowed to identify the main morphological types of native gold. It is characterized by the asymmetry of the forms and the asymmetry of the surface relief; only a small number of gold grains kept ore state. The form of most of the gold grains has been acquired by exogenous conditions. The presence of high-grade margins and recrystallization structures in placer gold indicates the existence of quite periods (conservation in alluvium).
Low-grade, middle-grade, high-grade and very high-grade gold has been discovered in streamlet alluvium. For each of them we have identified possible sources of supply.
The conclusions about the future directions of the study of gold mineralization of Black Cheremosh-river, its left tributaries and areas of modern watercourses denudation are made.
Key words: native gold, morphology, chemical composition, alluvial sediments, Chornyi Cheremosh, Ukrainian Carpathians.
P. 88-94
TYPOMORPHIC FEATURES OF GOLD FROM ORE ZONES AND CRUST OF WEATHERING OF BALKA ZOLOTA DEPOSIT
V. Sukach1, M. Kovalchuk2, N. Hayeva3
1Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: svital@ukr.net
2Institute of Geological Sciences of NASU,
55b, Oles' Honchar St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
Е-mail: kms1964@ukr.net
3Pensioner
Typomorphic features of gold from ore zones of Balka Zolota deposit and gold-bearing rocks crust of weathering have been investigated. Balka Zolota deposit is located in the central part of Solonyanske ore field, near Solone-village (Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukrainian shield). Gold mineralization is spatially localized in the wide area confined to the North-Eastern and Western exocontacts, respectively, of Solonyanske and East-Solonyanske subvolcanic bodies. Thickness of mineralized zones is up to 60 m.
Euhedral, subhedral, anhedral and hemiidiomorphic gold has been distinguished. Some tellurides are available together with gold: hessite, altaite, petzite and sylvanite.
Crust of weathering, depending on the substrate rocks, has goethite-kaolinite, goethite-siderite-kaolinite, quartz-kaolinite, quartz-sericite-kaolinite composition. Contours of ore zones in the crust of weathering roughly correspond to the contours of the native gold mineralization development. Gold (mainly residual) in the crust weathering preserves the physical and chemical characteristics of the mineral from the ore-bearing bodies. There are growths of gold with large grains of quartz and magnetite, which often has the shape of normal crystals.
The gold in eluvium has undergone only partial morphological changes. A minor portion of the gold in eluvium represented newly formed supergene gold, which indicates the existence of hydrogenic metal compounds, their migration in the profile of crust of weathering and deposition on geochemical barriers.
Key words: gold, typomorphic features, ore zone, crust of weathering, Balka Zolota gold deposit, Middle Dnieper area.
P. 95-103
BIOTITE FROM CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF NOVOPOLTAVSKYI AREA (CHERNIHIV FAULT ZONE, WEST PRE-AZOV REGION)
M. Taran1, N. Yurchenko1, S. Shnyukov2
1M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Palladin Av.,03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: igmr@igmof.gov.ua
2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
90, Vasylkivska St., 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: mgp@univ.kiev.ua
Composition, crystallization temperature and polarized optical spectra of biotite from the crystalline rocks of Novopoltavskyi area (Chernihiv fault zone, West Pre-Azov Region) have been analyzed. Such biotite from tectonically transformed metamorphic, ultrametamorphic and intrusive rocks of course was exposed to metasomatic processes and contact-metamorphic transformations during the formation of Chernihiv carbonatite massif.
Biotite has been developed on the cracked grains of plagioclase and in intergranular space, in some rocks it replaced brown hornblende. The formation of biotite began in the late early phases of tectogenesis of dioritouds and plagiogranitoids. This is the early and main generation of mineral, which is represented by a separate scales, intergranular chains or small packages of statically recrystallizing scales. The second (metasomatic or diaphthoritic) generation of biotite is different from the first on the morphology of crystals: myrmekite-like growths with vermicular quartz and calcite are available, as well as growth of margin around the crystals of the early generation. In case of further diaphthoritic transformation in some areas incomplete lamellar chloritization of grains can be traced.
Two types of optical spectra have been found in biotite. The first one is characte¬rized only by the bands of electronic spin-allowed dd-transitions and by entry of Fe2+ and Fe3+ into octahedral structure positions that are peculiar to micas of migmatization early stages. The second one is also characterized by partial entry of a portion of Fe3+ into micas tetrahedral positions in infiltration parts of metasomatizing solutions that are associated with carbonatites, but with direct absorption scheme yet in contrast to tetraferriphlogopite.
It has been established that optical characteristics of biotite are sensitive indicators of crystallization conditions, they react to the overall composition of the substrate in which the mineral has been crystallized, alkalinity and iron content of infiltration solutions, from which biotite has been crystallized, as well as on the redox potential of crystallization environment. Found peculiarities of the micas are reliable search criteria of carbonatites among the crystalline rocks.
Key words: biotite, optical spectroscopy, crystallization conditions, carbonatites, Chernihiv fault zone, West Pre-Azov region, Ukrainian Shield.
P. 104-114
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE STREMYHORODSKE ORE DEPOSIT (KOROSTENSKYI PLUTON),
FORECASTING OF ITS CHANGES IN TECHNOGENIC ZONE AND POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON THE WATER
I. Chikova1, U. Bornyak2, V. Dyakiv2
1Scientific Centre of Institute of Mining and Chemical Industry,
98, Stryjska St., 79026 Lviv, Ukraine
2Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: dyakivw@yahoo.com
Stremyhorodske apatite-ilmenite deposit is confined to the south-western part of the Cho¬po¬vytskyi massif of basic rocks (Korostenskyi pluton, Zhytomyr region). The deposit was discovered in 1954 during magnetic surveys. According to the results of exploration, it has been found that Stremyhorodske deposit is a unique object, one of the largest reserves of titanium and industrial content of short supply in Ukraine agrochemical raw materials – apatite concentrate.
The highest content of ilmenite (up to 17 %) and apatite (12 %) is in melanocratic troctolites. In addition, they contain also magnetite, titanomagnetite and pyrrhotite. The crust of weathering of the deposit is enriched with micronized clay minerals (illite, chlorite, talc, montmorillonite etc.).
The planned mining of ores and their enrichment (by analogy with similar mining and processing complex) will lead to the storage of waste in tailings and to exogenous changes of their mineral composition in technogenesis zone. An important role is played by the change of hydrogeological conditions under the influence of mining, the possible depletion of groundwater, drainage of small rivers, swamps and lakes, the deterioration of the water supply conditions of the local population, pollution of surface and groundwater in the zone of influence of tailings, dumps, septic tanks. This will form the contaminated water, which may adversely affect the natural subterranean and surface water. The study of the mineral composition of Stremyhorodske deposit ores, forecasting of changes in technogenesis zone and analysis of technological processes of extraction, enrichment and waste disposal give the opportunity to reveal regularities of polluted waters and to propose measures of minimizing their negative influence.
Key words: ilmenite, apatite, Stremyhorodske deposit, Korostenskyi pluton, waste of ore mining, technogenesis, contaminated water.
P. 115-124
PETROLOGIC-GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CHARNOKITOIDS FROM THE LITYNSKA DOMED STRUCTURE
(DNISTER-BUH MEGABLOCK, UKRAINIAN SHIELD)
K. Kasianenko1, O. Ponomarenko2, O. Vyshnevskyi2
1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
90, Vasylkivska St., 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: kasya511@mail.ru
2M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: igmr@igmof.gov.ua
Crystalline rocks of Litynska domed structure, which is located in the central part of the Hnivanska syncline (Vinnytskyi block, Dniester-Buh megablock, Ukrainian Shield), have been investigated. Two-pyroxene enderbites, enderbites and charno-enderbites allocate among charnockitoids of Litynska domed structure. Сharno-enderbites inherent in the increased content of potassium, respectively, potassium feldspar, a greater amount of biotite and the emergence of monazite. Сharnockitoids are surrounded by garnet-biotite migmatites and granites of Berdychivskyi complex. The alternation of biotite-garnet gneisses, granites of Berdychivskyi complex, vinnitsites and enderbites has been discovered in Litynskyi career with a gradual decrease of garnet-containing rocks layers to the center of the quarry and replacing them by enderbites.
Vinnitsites appear on the contact of Berdychiv granites and enderbites. Typical vinnitsites are, on the one hand, charnockitoids with garnet, and on the other, – Berdychiv granites with hypersthene. Typical homogeneous enderbites with hypersthene are exposed in Malynivskyi career.
All varieties of charnockitoids have fractionated REE pattern; they are enriched in light and depleted in heavy rare earth elements. Clear positive europium anomaly is typical (Eu/Eu* = 1,6–4,5).
Fulfilled mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical studies made it possible to conclude that during the growth of Litynska domed structure the composition of charnockitoids changed from the basic in peripheral part to the acid in the centre. Rocks of the Litynska structure core part are the rheomorphic granitoids, formed by older Paleoarchaean enderbite-gneisses of the basement. This is evidenced by the proximity of the mineral composition of enderbite-gneisses and two-pyroxene enderbites in the outer part of Litynska structure. In the typical enderbites, that have been formed in the case of granitization amplification, diopside disappears, the basicity of plagioclase decreases and the iron content in hypersthene increases.
The results confirm the theory that several stages of granitoids formation associated with crystalline basement granitization can be distinguished within any domed structure.
Key words: granitoids, charnokitoides, vinnitsites, enderbites, rock-forming minerals, rare-earth elements, Litynska domed structure, Ukrainian Shield.
P. 125-131
DISLOCATION METAMORPHISM STAGES AND AGE OF QUARTZ SYENITES FROM HURIVSKA ANTICLINE
(CENTRAL AZOV REGION, UKRAINIAN SHIELD)
H. Artemenko, I. Samborska, V. Demedyuk, I. Shvajka, M. Stetsenko
M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: regul@igmof.gov.ua
The Archean age of dislocated plagiogranitoids from the Berestove greenstone structure setting (Central Azov region) has been determined. Dislocations occurred clearly in Paleoproterozoic in two stages. Migmatites (arterites) have been formed in sublatitudinal zone of viscoplastic flow (shear-zone) as the result of the first stage. Their paleosoma is represented by quartz syenites and neosoma – by thin bodies of subalkaline granitoids. Probably the intrusion of mafic dikes of small thickness is associated with this stage. The second phase of dislocations appeared in local areas (their thickness is a few meters); it is associated with the intrusion of pegmatoid potassium granites and viscoplastic flow of noted above rocks and veins of pegmatoid granites.
Geochronologic researches have been performed on zircons from quartz syenites. There is no monazite and zircon in migmatites and postkinematic subalkaline granites. Uranium-lead ratios obtained for zircon fractions do not meet isochrone dependence. The maximum value of the isotopic age by ratio 207Pb/206Pb = 2 808 million years can be taken as a minimum age.
Quartz syenites from the Berestove greenstone structure setting are similar to granodiorites of Osypenko massif by geochemical features.
Key words: dislocation metamorphism, quartz syenites, subalkaline granites, plagiomigmatite, visco-plastic flow zone, zircon, U-Pb age, Berestivska greenstone structure, Central Azov region.
P. 132-143
MINERAL COMPOSITION AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF TITANIUM-ZIRCONIUM ORES PRODUCTION
IN WATERED PART OF MALYSHIVSKE DEPOSIT (UKRAINIAN SHIELD)
A. Haydin1, V. Dyakiv2, I. Chikova1
1Scientific Centre of Institute of Mining and Chemical Industry,
98, Stryjska St., 79026 Lviv, Ukraine
2Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: dyakivw@yahoo.com
The Malyshivske titanium-zirconium deposit is located in Middle-Dnieprean megablock of the Ukrainian Shield, in Pyatyhatky and Verhnyodniprovsk districts of Dnipropetrovsk region, at a distance of 6–8 km from Volnohirsk mining and processing plant, which operates more than 50 years. Mining activities at the mine have been conducted since 1962. Modern resource base of mining and metallurgical combine is the Western and Central plots of Malyshivske deposit where the rocks of Poltavska suite are dehydrated, localized in the aeration zone.
The deposit consists of sedimentary Neogene deposits, which lie subhorizontal and overlap the water-worn surface of clayey glauconitic sands of Kharkivskyi stage (Palaeogene). Mineralization is confined to the sands of Poltavska series (capacity of about 20 m), the upper 10-meter part contains industrial concentrations of ilmenite, rutile, zircon and other heavy fraction minerals. The length of the deposits up to 7 km with a width in the Eastern part to 5.2 km, Western – 4,0 km.
The flooded areas of the deposit have been investigated. It has been determined that the ore bed in hydrogeological section lies immediately below the groundwater level. Based on the results of the hydrogeological modelling (using publicly available version of the software package Visual Modflow) individual digital models of the Quaternary aquifer and aquifer system in the Neogene sediments have been designed. According to the results of the model adjustment the filtration parameters of hydrogeological section have been determined. It has been established that the inflow of water from the Neogene aquifer when filling ponds ranges from 360 to 2 750 m3/day, and in case of emptied reservoirs – from 124 to 142 m3/day. Inflow of groundwater is slight, by orders of magnitude smaller than the possible influx of showery water. Construction of temporary ponds in the beams limits the development of depression crater around the quarry. Difficulties in draining the quarry are caused by low permeability and water loss of Poltavska series deposits, therefore a hydromechanical method of field development is recommended.
Key words: ilmenite, zircon, Malyshivske titanium-zirconium deposit, placers, Poltavska series, hydrogeological conditions, filtration parameters, digital simulation, Ukrainian Shield.
P. 144-150
KUTNAHORITE MINERALIZATION IN THE EOCENE DEPOSITS OF AZOV-BLACK SEA REGION
V. Rever
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of NAS of Ukraine,
3а, Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: igggk@mail.lviv
Kutnahorite has been first discovered in the Azov-Black Sea region by petrographic, X-ray, infrared spectrophotometric and electron microscopic analyzes. First, we found it in the sample of quartz sandstone from Odeska-2-well by X-ray diffraction analysis.
The probable model of kutnahorite formation has been developed, according to which its origin is connected with the mixing of meteogenic and exfiltration solutions in the early stages of katagenesis. This happened in aleurone-sandy deposits of alluvial-deltaic system (channel, bar, cone of removal). A likely source of manganese deposits were Kumska suite (Middle Eocene) which in the Azov-Black sea region had been formed in anoxic conditions and therefore rich in organic matter. It is assumed that kutnahorite could be formed also in zones of transition of pelagic clay deposits in limestone formations of foremost slope.
Forecasting areas of kutnahorite distribution have been distinguished in the region of investigations.
Key words: kutnahorite, meteogenic and exfiltration fluids, manganese, Eocene, Kumska series, Azov-Black sea region.
P. 151-167
MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF FORMATION CONDITIONS OF THE TETHYS OCEAN
CARPATHIAN-BLACK SEA SEGMENT CRETACEOUS–PALAEOGENE DEPOSITS
I. Popp, H. Havryshkiv, Yu. Hayevska, O. Kohan, P. Moroz
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of NAS of Ukraine,
3а, Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: igggk@mail.lviv
There are three main lithological-geochemical types of Cretaceous–Paleogene deposits of the Tethys Ocean Carpathian segment: gray limestone-clay-terrigenous sequences (Type I), non-carbonate or low-carbonate-clay-clastic (Type II) and black carbonaceous silicified clastic-clay (Type III). They differ in the content of organic substances, silica and carbonates. Deposits of the first type belong to the alkaline-oxidative mineralogical-geochemical facies, the second – to acidic and low-alkaline oxidative, the third – to reduction facies.
We associate the formation of Barremian–Albian (Shypotska, Spaska suites) and Oligocene carbonaceous deposits with the phases of oceanic anoxic events OAE-1 and OAE-4 in the Tethys ocean Carpathian segment. At this time, anaerobic reducing environment contributed to the fossilization of a large number of dispersed organic matters.
Structural-textural features of individual lithological types of silicides and diagenetic nodules of the Lower Cretaceous and Oligocene in the Ukrainian Carpathians indicate that their sedimentogenesis and diagenesis occurred in the conditions of strong oxygen deficiency. Studied siliceous rocks can be considered as indicators of anoxic events.
The conclusion is made (based on the study of authigenic minerals composition and correlations among the contents of P, Mn, sulphide iron and sulphur and the amount of organic carbon) that the Barremian–Albian and Oligocene sediments of the Ukrainian Carpathians have been formed in the anaerobic zone – in a relatively deep-mesopelagic part of the basin. Sedimentation of studied Pontic Maikop deposits (Oligocene) have been occurred in epipelagic zone, near the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone.
Key words: silica, carbonate, sulphides, organic matter, oceanic anoxic events, sedimento-genesis, diagenesis, Cretaceous, Palaeogene, Tethys.
P. 168-175
FORMATION OF SUPERGENE MINERALS IN POTASSIUM SALT DEPOSITS OF PRECARPATHIANS
P. Bilonizhka
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
Potassium salt deposits formed in Miocene era in the Inner zone of the Pre-Carpathian foredeep are characterized by a great diversity of salt minerals and mineral associations and exceptionally high content terrigenous clay material. Supergene mineral formation in deposits of potassium salts of the Pre-Carpathians is common in places out on the surface and beneath Quaternary sediments.
Supergene mineral-formation in potassium salts deposits of Precarpathians has been studied. In places of salt rocks under Quaternary sediments there is their dissolution with the formation of secondary minerals and accumulation of residual sand and clay material – gypsum-clayey caps. We describe the distribution, forms of segregation and formation conditions of supergene minerals: gypsum, mirabilite, thenardite, astrakhanite, kalussite (syngenite), epsomite, hexa¬hydrite, shcoenite, leonite and halite.
In warm dry air mirabilite is replaced by thenardite, epsomite and kieserite – by hexahydrite, shcoenite – by leonite, and langbeinite – by leonite and hexahydrite.
In conditions of dry air occurs dehydration of many of these minerals that need to be considered in the case of storage (for example, in mineralogical museums) and to isolate them from the effects of the atmosphere.
Key words: potassium salt deposits, zone of weathering, leaching brine, supergene minerals, gypsum-clayey cap, hydration, dehydration, Precarpathians.
P. 176-194
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE OF COAL MINING AND ENRICHMENT, THEIR EXOGENOUS CHANGES AND INFLUENCE ON NATURAL WATER
ON THE RESULTS OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SIMULATION (CHERVONOHRAD MINING AREA)
H. Buchatska, N. Dvoryanska, A. Dvoryanskyi, V. Dyakiv
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: dyakivw@yahoo.com
Chervonoрrad mining district is located in the central part of Lviv-Volyn basin in coal-bearing formation of Carboniferous age, which revealed to 88 coal seams and coal sheds, and the total capacity of coal seams is greater than 12 m. The coal of the basin has high ash content of about 45–55 %. Given this, it is adjusted to the standard requirements at the enrichment plant “Chervonohradska”, where more than half of the extracted raw coal with the actual ash content of 46.4 % goes to waste – yield of ready coal concentrate products of enrichment is 48.04 %. The groundmass of the fresh dumps is presented by organo-mineral aggregates, coal-mineral aggregates and external mineral impurities. A characteristic feature of mine dumps and the dump of the enrichment plant is their high sulphur content (due to a high content of pyrite and marcasite).
Mining of coal and its enrichment in Chervonohrad mining region lead to the storage of waste in dumps, mineral composition of which varies under the influence of exogenous processes.
Сhemical alterations of the host rocks under the influence of technogenic pyrometamorphism occur in the middle of piles: coal combustion in areas with oxidizing regime of burning and pyrolysis of coal in the area of regenerative firing at the temperature of 800–1 000 °C; dehydration reactions of layered silicates, resulting in evaporation of large quantities of water; decomposition of carbonates with the release of CO and CO2 and the formation of periclase, lime and ferrites at the temperature of 600–800 °C; delete of F and Cl during the initial stages of pile combustion at the temperature of 600–800 °C; local melting with the formation of vitrified clinkers and mafic paralava at the temperature of 1 000–1 250 °C.
As the result, contaminated acidic sulphate waters appear that fall into geofiltrational field. Hydrogeological modelling has made it possible to identify the patterns of contaminated water movement from man-made objects (waste dumps, tailings, hydraulic dump, sump mine water) to areas of natural discharge – rivers Zahidnyi Buh, Rata and Solokiya, as well as to underground water intakes, especially Sosnovskyi, the water of which led to the outbreak of children' hypoplasia and fluorosis in the middle of the 1990s.
Key words: Chervonohrad mining area, waste of coal mining and enrichment, pyrometamor-phism, acid sulphate waters, geofiltrational field, hydrogeological simulation.
P. 195-213
MINERAL-SORPTION AND OXYGEN-CAVITATION INTEGRATED GEOCHEMICAL BARRIERS
AT MIGRATION SITES OF POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED WATERS IN THE RIVER STRYI BASIN
Yu. Borutska, V. Dyakiv
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: Borutska_Yulya@ukr.net dyakivw@yahoo.com
Geo-ecological, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in the river Stryi basin have been carried out.
Stryi-river is the largest right tributary of the Dniester-river in the up-stream, its length – more than 230 km, the basin area is about 3 055 km2. The river is mostly rain and snow. The main catchment area of the Stryi basin is the North-Eastern slopes of the Carpathian orogen. Natural water basin of the river is an extremely important source of water supply to the population, industry and agriculture in Lviv region.
Despite the diversity of factors of water pollution in the basin of river Stryj, there is no sustained deterioration in the quality of the water. The reason for this is the processes of self-purification of natural waters.
We investigated argillaceous and clay components of the samples from geochemical barriers identified during the field works. In the laboratory, we studied the interaction of selected samples from contaminated water with a high content of suspended solids and oil products. It was found that the samples with the optimal ratio of psephytic skeleton and clay minerals at the level 1 : 4 represent the most effective mineral-sorption barriers.
It has been found that the most common complex geochemical barriers that actively influence the quality of natural water in the Stryi basin are the mineral-sorption and oxygen-cavitation. Despite the significant human impacts, natural waters of Stryi-river have a strong capability of self-purification. This is due to factors such as variegated mineral composition of bedrock and soils, crossing mountain terrain, humid climate, high water, watercourses turbulence, presence of waterfalls, rapids and cascades and the enrichment of river water by dissolved oxygen. A necessary condition is the direct effect of complex mineral-sorption and oxygen-cavitation geochemical barriers, multiple dilution of water and the ability of landscapes to restore.
Key words: mineral-sorption geochemical barrier, oxygen-cavitation geochemical barrier, clay minerals, self-purification of natural waters, river Stryi basin, human impacts.
P. 214-226
PHENOMENON OF THE SUCCESS OF MYKOLA YERMAKOV’S THERMOBAROGEOCHEMISTRY
(ON THE 100th ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH)
H. Kulchytska, D. Voznyak, D. Chernysh
M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: igmr@igmof.gov.ua
The development of investigations of fluid inclusions in minerals as a new scientific direction in the genetic mineralogy, that was later named thermobarogeochemistry, is inseparably linked with name of professor of Lviv and Moscow Universities Mykola Porfyrovych Yermakov. Although the study of inclusions in minerals lasted for a long time, the rapid development of the new science started from the middle of the 20th century. The first group of researchers of inclusions appeared in the Lviv University, where M. Yermakov worked in 1945–1951. The successful work of this group and publication the Yermakov’s book “The study of the mineral-forming solu-tions” gave the start to the development of a new method, which soon gone beyond Lviv, took over the Soviet Union, and later abroad. Of the many terms that were used or proposed to be used for the name of the new science, the term thermodynamic geochemistry (thermobarogeochemistry), proposed by M. Yermakov, is in widest use. There are several reasons for unprecedented expand of thermobarogeochemical researches. The external circumstances, organizational skills of the founder of thermobarogeochemistry, and, the most importantly, use for study of inclusion of an electrically heated chamber promoted the dissemination of these researches. Very simple chamber construction allowed it to became the most widespread, and the data collected with it made possible to use the fluid inclusions in minerals as self-registering thermometers. Further development of research methods led to the expansion of number of numeral characteristics of mineral-forming process that were possible to register using these methods. Thermobarogeochemistry has become an exact science that is based on evidences obtained from the measurements and numbers, experiments and analyses. All this has made the study of inclusions in minerals respectable field.
Key words: Mykola Porfyrovych Yermakov, fluid inclusions, thermobarogeochemistry, Yermakov's electrically heated chamber.
P. 227-234
SOLEMN ACADEMY TO 85 YEARS OF PROFESSOR OREST MATKOVSKYI
Ye. Slyvko
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: emslivko@i.ua